Sources Used for Current Review

Lerma, E. et. al. (2015 December 10 Updated). Proteinuria. Medscape Drugs and Diseases [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238158-overview. Accessed 4/17/16.

(2014 April). Proteinuria. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/kidney-disease/proteinuria/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed 4/17/16.

Martin, L. (2014 November 2 Updated). Protein urine test. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003580.htm. Accessed 4/17/16.

(© 1995–2016). Protein, Total, 24 Hour, Urine. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8261. Accessed 4/17/16.

Mayo Clinic Staff (2014 May 8). Protein in Urine. Mayo Clinic [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/protein-in-urine/basics/definition/SYM-20050656. Accessed 4/17/16.

Cohen, E. and Lippold, C. (2016 March 8 Updated). Nephrotic Syndrome. Medscape Drugs and Diseases [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/244631-overview. Accessed 4/17/16.

Lin J, Denker BM. Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015. Available online at http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.libproxy1.upstate.edu/content.aspx?bookid=1130&Sectionid=79726507. Accessed April 17, 2016.

Sources Used for Previous Reviews

Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].

Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

(2004 March 17, Updated) A.D.A.M. editorial, Agha, I., previously reviewed. Protein-urine. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003580.htm.

Brose, M, Updated (2003 May 8). Protein electrophoresis – urine. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003589.htm.

Carroll, M. and Temte, J. (2000 September 15). Proteinuria in Adults: A Diagnostic Approach. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000915/1333.html.

Loghman-Adham, M. (1998 October 1). Evaluating Proteinuria in Children. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/981001ap/loghman.html.

(2003 June) Proteinuria. Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, NIH Publication No. 03-4732 [On-line information]. Available online at http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/proteinuria/.

Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (© 2007). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference. 8th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 971-978.

Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry. AACC Press. Washington, DC. Pp 312-317.

Wu, A. (2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests. Fourth Edition. Saunders Elsevier. St. Louis, Missouri. Pp 916-919.

Mushnick, R. (2007 October 22, Updated). Protein – urine. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003580.htm. Accessed on 9/30/08.

Mushnick, R. (2007 October 22, Updated). 24-hour urine protein. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003622.htm. Accessed on 9/30/08.

Aggarwal, N. et. al. (2008 April 22). A Prospective Comparison of Random Urine Protein-Creatinine Ratio vs 24-hour Urine Protein in Women With Preeclampsia. Medscape J Med. 2008;10(4):98 [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/571729. Accessed on 9/30/08.

(2005 November). Proteinuria: Approach to the Genitourinary Patient. Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec17/ch226/ch226j.html?qt=urine%20protein&alt=sh. Accessed on 9/30/08.

Lerma, E. and McLaughlin, K. (2007 February 5, Updated). Proteinuria. EMedicine [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.emedicine.com/med/TOPIC94.HTM. Accessed on 9/30/08.

Dugdale, D. (Updated 2011 August 20). Protein – urine. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003580.htm. Accessed October 2012.

Dugdale, D. (Updated 2011 August 21). 24-hour urine protein. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003622.htm. Accessed October 2012.

Pagana, K. D. & Pagana, T. J. (© 2011). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 10th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 1003-1004.

Clarke, W., Editor (© 2011). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry 2nd Edition: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 366-368.

(© 1995-2012). Protein, Total, Urine. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/8261. Accessed October 2012.

Barclay, L. (2011 August 4). Urine Dipstick Protein Test Detects Silent Kidney Disease. Medscape Medical News [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/747567. Accessed October 2012.