NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.

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(Updated April 9, 2014) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Down Syndrome: Condition Information. Available online at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx through http://www.nichd.nih.gov. Accessed September 2014.

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Van Cleve, S. and Cohen, W. (2006 January 27). Part I: Clinical Practice Guidelines With Down Syndrome From Birth to 12 Years. Medscape from J Pediatr Health Care. 2006;20(1):47-54 [On-line journal article]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/521906?src=search through http://www.medscape.com.

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(2006 January 6). Improved National Prevalence Estimates for 18 Selected Major Birth Defects --- United States, 1999—2001. MMWR 54(51&52); 1301-1305 [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5451a2.htm through http://www.cdc.gov.

Barclay, L. and Nghlem, H. (2005 November 9). Eleven Weeks May Be the Best Time to Screen for Down's Syndrome. Medscape Medical News [On-line CME]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/516329?src=search through http://www.medscape.com.

(2003 February 1, Reviewed). Down Syndrome. Merck Manual Home Edition [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.merck.com.

Smith, D. (2001 September 15). Health Care Management of Adults with Down Syndrome. American Family Physician [On-line journal]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010915/1031.html through http://www.aafp.org.

(2004 December, Reviewed). Down Syndrome. March of Dimes Fact Sheet [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1214.asp through http://www.marchofdimes.com.

(2004 January). Down Syndrome. National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs4txt.htm through http://www.nichcy.org.

Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (© 2007). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 8th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

(2006 August 18, Updated). Facts About Down Syndrome. National Institute of Child Health & Human Development [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/downsyndrome.cfm through http://www.nichd.nih.gov. Accessed on 2/25/07.

(2007 January 2). New Recommendations for Down Syndrome Call for Screening of All Pregnant Women [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr01-02-07-1.cfm through http://www.acog.org. Accessed on 2/25/07.

(2007 February 16, Updated). Down Syndrome. National Institute of Child Health & Human Development [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/Down_Syndrome.cfm/ through http://www.nichd.nih.gov. Accessed on 2/25/07.

(03/2002). Chromosomal Abnormalities. March of Dimes [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1209.asp through http://www.marchofdimes.com. Accessed on 2/25/07.

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Van Cleve, S., Cannon, S., and Cohen, W. (2006 May 30). Part II: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Adolescents and Adults with Down Syndrome 12-21 Years. Medscape from J Pediatr Health Care 2006;20(3):198-205 [On-line Journal]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/532190 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed on 2/17/07.

(2003 February, Revision). Down Syndrome. Merck Manual of Medical Information – Second Home Edition [On-line Journal]. Available online at http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec23/ch266/ch266b.html through http://www.merck.com. Accessed on 2/17/07.

(2004 June). Maternal Blood Screening for Down Syndrome and Neural Tube Defects. March of Dimes [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1166.asp through http://www.marchofdimes.com. Accessed on 2/25/07.

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(Updated 2010 May 25). Down Syndrome. National Institute of Child Health & Human Development [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/Down_Syndrome.cfm through http://www.nichd.nih.gov. Accessed January 2011.

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(Reviewed 2010 December 20). Learning About Down Syndrome. National Human Genome Research Institute [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.genome.gov/19517824 through http://www.genome.gov. Accessed January 2011.

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(Reviewed 2008 June). Down Syndrome, Genetics Home Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/down-syndrome through http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov. Accessed January 2011.